Ponemon Institute is pleased to have conducted the research behind the recent report Architecting the Next Generation for OT Security, sponsored by Applied Risk. I’ve included the executive summary of the report in this month’s column. The full report can be downloaded from the Applied Risk website.
“This is a time of change and challenges,” the Applied Risk report begins. “It’s an era that is both transformative and disruptive, shaped by digital technologies that are improving billions of lives around the world, even as they make us vulnerable in ways we never anticipated.
This digitalization has been a fact of life for quite some time, but it is also becoming a factor in the operation of critical infrastructure and other industrial environments at an accelerating speed. At the same time, the Operational Technology (OT) systems that monitor and control industrial equipment, assets, processes and events in critical infrastructure are facing more and more threats from increasingly sophisticated malicious actors, including nation-states.
“In this dynamic environment, it is important to understand the thoughts and concerns that drive organizations to take action to keep their OT domains safe, secure and resilient. Applied Risk has undertaken the research needed to gain that understanding and to take a forward-looking approach to crucial questions about how to architect the next generation of OT Security solutions.
“The report, entitled “Architecting the Next Generation for OT Security,” is based on data collected by the Ponemon Institute from more than 1,000 IT and OT Security practitioners in the United States and Europe. The research was then complemented by input from the knowledge and experience that Applied Risk’s team has accumulated over the years, as well as analysis from the company’s own subject matter experts (SMEs).
“In this document, we present the results of that research. We use these data to assess current trends in the OT Security space, paying special attention to people-, process-, and technology-related issues, and offer recommendations on responses to these trends. Additionally, we describe current conditions in the OT Security realm and offer insight into the OT Security trends that are likely to emerge over the next two to four years.
“Respondents to the survey were asked to answer questions about how to architect the next generation of OT Security solutions. All respondents have responsibility for securing or overseeing cyber risks in the OT environment and understand how these risks impact the state of cyber security within their organizations. The research was then complemented by input from Applied Risk’s own engagements and assessments as well as analysis from our subject matter experts.
“Maximizing safety and minimizing unplanned outages are the top operational priorities for the organizations represented in this research. Reducing inefficiencies and minimizing operating costs are also high priorities, as is the ability to maintain plant connectivity. Respondents see the convergence of IT and OT systems as one of the primary drivers toward meeting these organizational targets. At the same time, though, they note that attackers are focusing more and more on industrial environments and are quickly developing OT skills – and that this shift has resulted in more sophisticated and clandestine attacks.
“The results of the survey indicate that companies are struggling to develop their OT Security maturity at a pace comparable to the speed with which attackers are developing their own skill sets. Meanwhile, the OT landscape is becoming more complex due to IT/OT convergence and to the introduction of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices, virtualization, and cloud computing in these environments. The overall sense of the respondents is that they need to do more to ensure that the business benefits of these new technological developments can be realized in a secure manner.
“More than half of the respondents believe that their cyber readiness is not at the right level yet and that they are not able to adequately minimize the risk of cyber exploits and breaches in the OT environment. As such, it is clear that there is still work to be done in general and across the board. The respondents are aware that they need to upskill their staff and that of their service providers and that they need better procedures. But above all, they understand that they will need enabling technologies to accelerate OT Security maturity. In summary, a combination of people-, process-, and technology-centric controls will remain key.”
“Amazon Prime is *incredibly* popular with Americans. How popular? There are more than 150 million members in the U.S, with many (most?) there to enjoy “free”* two-day shipping. That’s roughly equal to the number of Americans who VOTED in 2020. And Amazon is betting all 150 million will do almost anything to keep that “free” shipping — including abandoning any pretense that they prefer to live in a free country that supports capitalism and free-market principles.
“Don’t Break Our Prime” is a deeply cynical ad campaign that’s being thrust onto your TVs and Internet space as pro-competition legislation makes its way through Congress. Amazon’s monopoly power has deeply hurt American small businesses for years — and made Jeff Bezos so much money that his hobby is going to space — but lately, the tech giant’s tactics at crushing competitors have kicked up a notch.
Amazon’s customer base is so large that many small companies *have* to sell products on their platform. That’s weird, because it makes Amazon both a fulfillment service *and* a retailer. There have long been accusations that Amazon’s data nerds study all these competitors on their platform, rip off their products, and then advantage Amazon brands when consumers search for items. More than accusations, actually. Congress recently made a criminal referral about this practice to the Department of Justice.
The kind, gentle term for this — minus the sneaky data harvesting — is “self-preferencing.” And yes, some supermarkets put their own brand of toilet paper on the best shelf, right there next to the Charmin. If there were a few dozen Amazon-like services out there, self-preferencing there wouldn’t be so bad. But since Amazon has 150 MILLION U.S. MEMBERS on Prime, it’s deeply anti-competitive. Kind of like owning most of the gas refineries, and most of the gas trucks, and most of the gas stations….
So the U.S. Senate is considering legislation that would ban this practice of advantaging its own products over competitors. Both Democrats and Republicans support the idea.
Amazon has now come out swinging. As is tradition with such campaigns, it is not attacking the premise of the bill. It’s hitting consumers in an emotional spot, with the message that — given all these concerns about inflation, and supply chains, and the pandemic — now would be a terrible time to lose Amazon Prime’s free shipping! Don’t Break Our Prime!
It should be clear that this isn’t about two-day shipping. Rather, Amazon is hoping the popularity of Prime gives it enough clout to beat back, or at least delay, reasonable efforts at reform.
This is just the tip of the spear, however. Tech industry lobbyists are using this “Don’t Break Our Tech” model to defend the status quo in the face of various reform efforts. Google serves up the most self-serving links, rather than the best links, it has engaged in ad bid-rigging, its business has been called the biggest data breach of all time, but if Congress messes with that, maps won’t work! Your privacy will be violated. Also, China will become more powerful!
These are emotionally compelling arguments; they just might work. But as you begin to see all these “Don’t Break Our …” messages, please keep something in mind. Silicon Valley invented the phrase “move fast and break things.” So it’s deeply ironic that Big Tech firms are suddenly afraid of trying new things that might break something.
The techlash is real. Human beings are realizing that for all the great gifts tech has given us, there are serious costs. The pendulum has swung too far. Big Tech companies aren’t the only source of trouble, but they are a good place to start. Tech companies are so large they don’t really have to answer to anyone right now. Facebook paid a $5 billion fine for ignoring a consent decree with the Federal Trade Commission and…didn’t really change anything. It’s time to draw some boundaries around the monoliths. As Harvard’s Francella Ochillo said to me in my recent docu-podcast, Defending Democracy from Big Tech, while we keep arguing about the details, these firms are making billions of dollars. We want techland to be free for competition. To do that, we’re going to have to break (up) a few things. So what? We’re on iPhone 13. The beta version of tech reform might not be perfect. That’s shouldn’t stop us. The cost of inaction is far too high. I’m here for v2.0, and 3.0 and … 13 pro! You should be, too.
*Free shipping isn’t free, of course. Prime costs money! The cost is built into the products you buy. As with Uber, the price is being (temporarily) subsidized by investment money, which is another way of saying it’s a Ponzi scheme. Also, Amazon drivers live awful lives because of Prime. There’s all that cardboard. “Free” is never free.
Authentication failures–defined as a weakness in an organization’s authentication processes resulting in an inability to verify user identity — not only pose great risk resulting in the theft of credentials but are costly. According to the research, organizations are spending an average of approximately $3 million on activities relating to authentication failures annually.
Participants in this research also estimate that the maximum loss as a result of one authentication failure can range from $39 million to $42 million and the average maximum loss as a result of a material business disruption caused by an authentication failure can range from an average of $34 million to $40 million. Reasons that authentication failures can be costly, as confirmed in this research, is the downtime to resolve authentication failure, disruption of business processes, loss of customers and the negative impact on third party and business relationships.
Sponsored by Nok Nok, Ponemon Institute surveyed 1,007 IT staff (360), IT security leaders (339) and non-IT security leader or lines of business leaders (LoBs) (308). All respondents are familiar with authentication processes in their organizations and have some level of responsibility for the security of their organization’s authentication processes.
A key takeaway from this research is the gap between IT security and LoBs in the seriousness of authentication risks facing their organizations. In this report, we present these differences and discuss how they may be affecting the security posture of organizations represented in this research.
In the context of this research, credential theft involves stealing the user’s exact password rather than randomly guessing it. The focus of this crime can be to make fraudulent purchases, make fraudulent financial transactions and steal confidential information.
The authentication failures perception gap in organizations
Based on the findings, the following are the most significant gaps in understanding the state of authentication processes in organizations among the IT security staff, IT security leaders and lines of business leaders. These differences can be a barrier to achieving a secure and holistic response and strategy to addressing the risks and cost of authentication failures. According to the research, most organizations do not have an enterprise-wide strategy for reducing the risk of authentication failures.
Lines of business leaders are not likely to recognize the difficulty in knowing the “real” employees, customers and/or users from criminal imposters who are using stolen credentials. Sixty-six percent of IT security staff respondents say it is very difficult or difficult. Less than half (48 percent) of lines of business respondents say it is very difficult or difficult.
Authentication processes are out of control, according to IT security respondents. Only 32 percent of IT security respondents and 44 percent of IT security leaders say their organizations have a high level of control over their authentication processes. However, 67 percent of lines of business respondents are confident in their organizations’ controls.
IT security staff respondents detect more authentication failures. IT security staff estimates a per-user average of 28 authentication failures occur in a month vs. lines of business leaders who estimate an average of 19 authentication failures occur per user monthly.
IT security staff says on average there are significantly more undetected authentication failures than the IT security and lines of business say there are. IT security staff respondents say on average 45 percent of authentication failures go undetected—almost twice as much as reported by lines of business leaders.
IT security staff report a higher percentage of the volume and frequency of authentication failures. Seventy-one percent of IT security respondents vs. 55 percent of lines of business leader respondents say authentication failures have significantly increased or increased. Fifty-nine percent of respondents say the severity of failures have increased vs. 51 percent of business leader respondents.
IT security staff respondents are not as confident that the risk of authentication failures can be reduced. Today, 66 percent of lines of business respondents say their organizations are very prepared or highly prepared to reduce the risk of authentication failures and this will increase to 82 percent of these respondents who are very prepared or highly prepared. Only 40 percent of IT security staff respondents say their organizations are very prepared or highly prepared and in two years 53 percent say their organization will be very or highly prepared.
Only 28 percent of IT security staff respondents believe an annual budget of $2.5 million allocated to staff and technologies to prevent detect, contain and resolve authentication failures is sufficient. Whereas, 45 percent of lines of business leaders say the budget is sufficient. Only 45 percent of IT security staff say their organizations’ leaders recognize the need to invest in automation, AI and orchestration as part of its efforts to prevent authentication failures.
The risk of credential theft is high and only 30 percent of respondents say their companies have good visibility into credential theft attacks — 66 percent of IT security staff respondents say it is very difficult (32 percent) or difficult (34 percent). In contrast, less than half (48 percent) of LoB respondents say it is very difficult or difficult.
There is a historic tendency for tech enthusiasts to overstate the importance of the latest digital wizardry during major global conflicts. Remember Iran’s “Twitter Revolution?” That’s not to ignore tech’s impact. Scholars will debate the role of disinformation during our time for decades. I find Carole Cadwaller’s discussion of the first Great Information War, which she says began in 2014 during Russia’s first invasion of Ukraine, compelling. Still, plenty of tech analysts and sales agents sitting behind keyboards stand to gain a lot by inserting themselves into the middle of a war from a comfortable distance. When there are real bullets, bombs, and blood, I think it’s really important to keep bits and bytes in perspective.
And so it is with cryptocurrency and the current invasion of Ukraine. Let’s not get carried away with this “crypto’s big moment” talk. In fact, if I were a blockchain speculator, I’d be nervous that cryptocurrency is could take a big step back into the shadows.
Crypto enthusiasts are having a hard time holding the company line that bitcoins=freedom when so many of them have been collected by Russians via ransomware. True, there are crypto donations headed towards Ukraine, but the greater use case seems to be evading international sanctions. Meanwhile, there is fear that cutting off Russian access to Western banking institutions would shove those transactions underground, into crypto-land. As exchanges debate how to handle this problem — cut off all Russian accounts? How would one even do that? — I asked a couple of leading critics what they thought the war means for the future of cryptocurrency. (Note: I am a visiting scholar at Duke University’s Sanford School of Public Policy).
Duke University professor Lee Reiners
Russia absolutely can and will use crypto to undermine and avoid U.S. sanctions. We know this because North Korea and Iran have already done it! While I agree that crypto’s limited use restricts its desirability, I am confident that U.S. sanctions on Russia will serve as an accelerator for broader crypto adoption. And when you’re talking about a nation-state, the question is not whether they can buy a coke with crypto, but whether they can store and transfer large amounts of wealth with it. And somehow, crypto has persisted as a store of value. We also know that Russia is the final destination for many ransomware payments, with Russian-based crypto exchanges willing to convert crypto to fiat. The only two cryptocurrency exchanges to be sanctioned by OFAC were in Russia.
Finally, I think it’s telling that the U.S. and our allies have yet to cut off Russian banks from SWIFT (Edit note: Some payments are slated to be cut off, but not all). There are several reasons for this, but the one left unsaid is that the administration worries this could accelerate Russia’s adoption of crypto.
The dollar’s status as the world’s reserve currency affords all Americans with tremendous opportunities (lower interest rates, easy travel, more commerce, etc…). It’s also allowed the U.S. government to leverage our financial system as an instrument of foreign policy. Crypto undermines all of this and once again I ask: what are we getting in return?
Cybersecurity consultant John Reed Stark
My take is that, unless the use of cryptocurrency is curtailed by the U.S. government: 1) Russia will seek to evade U.S. sanctions by transacting in cryptocurrency; and 2) Russia-based ransomware attackers will initiate a new wave of ransomware attacks. Here’s why:
First off, cryptocurrency use is not just well-suited to evade U.S. sanctions, its pseudo-anonymity is ideal for that purpose (and a broad range of other crimes).
Second, the key to sanctions programs is banks and KYC (know your customer) rules. Using cryptocurrency blinds banks and paralyzes AML (anti-money laundering) enforcement. Meanwhile, threat actors associated with rival nations such as Iran and North Korea have adopted using cryptocurrency (sometimes extorted via ransomware attacks) as a fast and easy means to bypass U.S. economic sanctions and funnel badly needed capital into their cash-starved economies. North Korea and Iran have already proven this notion by example. Indeed, per a United Nations Report, North Korea is using ransomware attacks to fund its nuclear program. Moreover, Iran reportedly uses bitcoin mining to evade sanctions and “export” millions of barrels of oil.
Third, we know already that Russia is the final destination for many ransomware payments, with Russian-based cryptocurrency exchanges willing to convert cryptocurrency to fiat. Thus, a profitable and successful ransomware attack revenue stream already exists for Russia. N.B. that though crypto exchanges in the U.S., Europe and Asia might (and that’s a big “might”) stop dealings with Russia (if that’s even possible), there are still some exchanges that are complicit in facilitating illicit activity, such as the Russian-based SUEX and Chatex services who were both sanctioned by the U.S. last year after facilitating more than $350 million in cryptocurrency transactions for Russia-based criminals. U.S. Treasury has already warned about these risks before, with officials pointing to an “explosion of risk” stemming from their use in terrorist financing and ransomware attacks and cautioning in October that cryptocurrencies “if left unchecked . . . could potentially harm the efficacy of American sanctions.”
Finally, Ransomware attacks have evolved into an extraordinarily successful tool for quickly raising cryptocurrency revenue — while also disrupting (sometimes significantly) the lives of U.S. businesses and citizens. Historically, ransomware attackers employed a type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system or computer files until an extortion demand is paid. Now, in addition, by licensing their criminal wares to franchisees who can then orchestrate ransomware-as-service attacks, the threat is no longer merely the kidnapping of data but also the public release of that data via social media. To further pressure the victim, a ransomware attacker might even flood a website or network with more requests than it can handle by executing a distributed denial of service, or DDoS, attack, rendering the company inaccessible.
Indeed, the continuing success of ransomware attacks has spawned large, central, sophisticated cybercriminal organizations operating within a new and emerging criminal ecosystem consisting of an army of global threat actors using a dangerously evolving arsenal of high-tech intrusion appliances. Russia has, according to many reports, become the mothership of these organizations.
Extortion innovation is now an industry within itself as ransomware attackers have sharpened their business models, including guaranteeing turnaround times, providing real-time chat support for victims and offering payment demands customized to a victim’s financial profile. When it comes to ransomware attacks, there has perhaps never before in history been a crime that law enforcement seems so powerless to prevent, investigate, prosecute and bring to justice.
As an aside, please pay no attention to those spreading the myth that crypto-transactions will actually make it easier to impose sanctions because cryptocurrency trails are easy to trace. This is perhaps the most absurd, frustrating and entirely misleading of all crypto-enthusiast retort.
Bottom Line: Don’t count on Russian cyber-attackers to behave like the two Instagram celebrities DOJ recently arrested in NYC (and took six years to find) for money laundering in connection with a cyber-attack on Bitfinex. For dictatorial and rogue governments using ransomware attacks to extort cryptocurrency to use to replace their yachts, mansions and other ill-gotten assets, I would not expect search warrants and subpoenas (while certainly well-intentioned) to become any kind of panacea. Moreover, unless the U.S. takes action, the sanctions might even accelerate the use of cryptocurrency everywhere, ushering in an even more dangerous era of crypto-related cyber-crimes.
So What Should the U.S. Do Right Now About This Problem?
Curb the flow of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies immediately.
Now that President Biden has created a cryptocurrency prosecutorial and investigative team, the next logical step is to sign an Executive Order to curtail the flow of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, making it challenging for Russia and other criminals to use cryptocurrencies to purchase U.S. goods and services. The Executive Order should:
Prohibit any U.S. governmental entity from transacting in cryptocurrency and mandate that any entity that contracts with the U.S. government must attest that they do not engage in any transactions involving cryptocurrency; and
Direct The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Treasury (FinCEN) to require U.S. taxpayers holding more than $10,000 of cryptocurrency offshore to file FinCEN Form 114, known as the FBAR, to report these holdings (a proposal that FinCEN has already announced in 2020).
This kind of expeditious, efficient, inexpensive, straightforward and powerful approach could help deter the use of cryptocurrency to evade U.S. sanctions and help combat the many cyber-crimes that DOJ has cited as cryptocurrency’s most notorious abuses.
Though some experts seriously doubt it and some engineers specifically refute it or negate it, perhaps blockchain technology is more than a “glorified spreadsheet,” and will somehow become the most exciting, disruptive, transformative and efficiency enhancing breakthrough since sliced bread. If so, by rooting out cryptocurrency abuses via the powers of an Executive Order, President Biden could usher in a new era where blockchain and all of its purported promise can thrive, free from the onerous drag of its criminal exploitation.
I provide more detailed analysis and support for this executive order recommendation in an article I just wrote entitled, “What President Biden’s Crypto-Executive Order Should Say” and found here.
This is the second study Ponemon Institute has conducted on the devastating impact ransomware attacks have on small to large-sized enterprises. The first study was completed in 2017, and as revealed in this research, little progress has been made in mitigating the consequences of these threats. In this year’s research, the percentage of companies experiencing an attack increased from 51 percent in the 2017 study to 80 percent. Yet, 57 percent of respondents believe their companies are too small to be the target of ransomware. This has remained unchanged since 2017.
Ponemon Institute surveyed 659 IT and IT security professionals in small to large-sized companies in the United States. All respondents have responsibility for containing ransomware infections within their organization. This study was sponsored by CBI and Check Point and conducted independently by Ponemon Institute.
The cost per incident will continue to increase, and the types of attacks will continue to evolve. What’s most striking is the vast majority of organizations are not doing enough to evaluate the security of their third parties. These findings should be a wakeup call and motivate organizations to evolve their ransomware mitigation playbooks
The following findings describe the costs and consequences of a ransomware attack.
Of the 80 percent of companies that experienced one or more ransomware attacks, 53 percent of respondents say the ransom was paid and averaged over $1 million. The preferred methods of payment are bitcoin and virtual currencies.
If companies didn’t pay a ransom, it was because they had a full and accurate backup. However, respondents also believe a full and accurate backup is not enough when experiencing a ransomware attack.
Of the companies that paid the ransom, it was because they could not afford the downtime and had a cyber insurance policy that covered the financial consequences of a ransomware attack. Fifty percent of respondents say the cybercriminals provided a decryption key.
Companies suffered financial consequences such as having to shut down for a period of time, losing customers, and eliminating jobs.
According to the research, an average of 14 staff members each spent 190 hours to contain and remediate their companies’ largest ransomware incident. Based on an average hourly rate of $63.50, the average cost to assign staff to deal with the incident was approximately $170,000.
The highest total costs resulting from a ransomware attack are from legal and regulatory actions, followed by the cost resulting from the company’s response to information misuse or theft.
Cybercriminals were most likely to use phishing/social engineering and insecure websites to unleash ransomware. The most compromised devices are desktops and laptops; however, since 2017, mobile devices have been increasingly being targeted.
Compromised devices infected other devices in the network. Very often, data was exfiltrated from the device.
As in the previous study, companies are reluctant to report the incident to law enforcement because of concerns about negative publicity and the potential loss of customers.
Following are the key takeaways from this research.
IoT risk awareness is rising and ransomware prevention is increasingly prioritized. Since 2017, awareness of IoT risks has risen from 58 percent of respondents in 2017 to 67 percent of respondents in this year’s research. Prevention of ransomware is becoming more of a priority, increasing 46 percent to 53 percent. Respondents say that if companies are attacked their organizations are slightly less likely to pay the ransom since 2017.
There is a lack of confidence in security controls. Companies spend an average of $6 million annually on staff and technologies meant to prevent, detect, contain and resolve ransomware attacks. However, there is only a slight improvement in confidence about security controls that prevent ransomware attacks.
Companies are increasingly relying upon third parties to deal with the prevention and consequences of a ransomware attack. Since 2017, the engagement of third parties to reduce the risk increased significantly from 58 percent of respondents to 69 percent of respondents. To remediate the incident, the use of the expertise of third parties has increased from 59 percent of respondents to 70 percent of respondents.
Despite the seriousness of ransomware, the ability to respond is low. As reported, the increase in ransomware attacks has been significant since 2017. However, the ability to respond to such attacks is very low. Companies must assess their staff, technologies, and policies to increase overall readiness.
The severity of ransomware infections has increased over the past 12 months. Sixty-one percent of respondents say the severity of ransomware infections has significantly increased (25 percent) or increased (36 percent) since last year. In 2017, 57 percent of respondents said the severity of ransomware infections increased significantly (18 percent) or increased (39 percent) over the past 12 months.
Companies have been receiving more ransomware alerts since 2017. As defined in this research, a ransomware alert is a notice that your system may be targeted or susceptible to a ransomware attack. These alerts are communicated via threat intelligence and law enforcement.
The number of weekly alerts has increased from 25 weekly alerts in 2017 to 34 in this year’s study. In 2017, 46 percent of these alerts were considered reliable. In this year, 51 percent are considered reliable. In a typical month, an average of 6 percent of attempted attacks trigger an alert through one or more security controls but remain undetected.
A full and accurate backup is not considered enough by 55 percent of respondents. As discussed previously, only 32 percent of respondents are confident in their security controls, indicating the need to use more effective technologies to prevent ransomware attacks.
More companies need to conduct security assessments as part of their ransomware readiness strategy. Only about half (51 percent) of respondents say their organizations regularly conduct assessments to test their ransomware prevention and recovery practices.
In some cases, cyber insurance providers are decreasing their coverage for ransomware attacks. Most companies (64 percent of respondents) do not have cyber insurance policies that cover ransomware. Of the 36 percent of respondents who say their policies cover such attacks, 40 percent say the cyber insurance provider modified its ransomware protection resulting in decreased coverage. The average annual premium for a cyber insurance policy is $17,100.
Employees are still considered the weakest link in preventing ransomware attacks. Despite employee security training awareness programs that address social engineering, spear phishing and ransomware attacks, only 30 percent of respondents are very confident (12 percent) or confident (18 percent) in their employees’ ability to detect social engineering lures that could result in a ransomware attack.
Despite the risk, only half of training programs fully cover social engineering, spear phishing and ransomware. Sixty-one percent of respondents say their companies conduct continuous employee security awareness training. Of these respondents, 92 percent say the training covers social engineering, spear phishing and ransomware attacks fully (50 percent of respondents) or some coverage (42 percent of respondents).
In addition to insider risks, companies face ransomware threats from their suppliers and third parties. Seventy-five percent of respondents say they are very concerned about the risks the supply chain poses to their company as they relate to ransomware. Only 33 percent of respondents say third parties have the necessary privacy and security practices in place to reduce the risk of a data breach involving their companies’ sensitive and confidential information.
To reduce the risk of ransomware attacks, companies need to assess the security and privacy practices of their supply chain and third parties. As discussed, 75 percent of respondents are concerned about the ransomware risks posed by third parties. However, only 36 percent of respondents say their organizations evaluate third parties’ security and privacy practices. Only slightly more than half (53 percent) of respondents say their organizations conduct an assessment of the third party’s security and privacy practices. Currently, organizations mainly rely upon a review of written policies and procedures, according to 64 percent of respondents.
As war rages in Ukraine, big technology companies are struggling to keep up. Thousands of small decisions are being made at breakneck speed. Think, for just a moment, about the overwhelming task of sifting through propaganda-spewing social media accounts. Make yourself a tech exec right now. What’s free speech? What’s harassment? What’s incitement to violence? Where should we disable our service?
What if….my product makes the war worse?
These are life-altering decisions — not as real as pulling a trigger or launching a bomb, but not too far behind. I don’t envy those fighting the disinformation war right now. It’s no secret I am a frequent Big Tech critic, but it appears to me Facebook, Twitter, Google, Microsoft, etc, are all doing the best they can under the most difficult circumstances.
Makes it hard not to wonder why these firms couldn’t have been fighting disinformation this hard all along. (In fairness, as I see the world rise up in a global effort to care for refugees, for justice, for freedom, and against war, I think we should probably all be asking ourselves that question.)
All good intentions aside, there’s a really big question to ask, one which will be with us even after the current crisis passes: Who made Facebook, Google, and Twitter judge and jury over the digital universe? You might agree entirely with every decision these firms are making right now. But one day, you won’t. Then what?
Whether or not you realize it, Big Tech companies are running our lives in ways unimaginable just a few years ago. They tell us what to read, where to eat, what lawnmower to buy….and in many cases what mate to marry, even what cancer treatment to get. And at each decision, they take a cut. Tech titans have amassed incredible wealth doing this — so much money that executives are dabbling in space travel the way earlier titans bought luxury cars.
It’s one thing to be rich. But it’s another to usurp the functions of a democratic society. Big Tech has done that, and right now, there isn’t much we can do about it. Facebook broke the law, signed a consent decree, violated the consent decree, was fined $5 billion, and….well, not much changed. After Frances Haugen’s whistleblower testimony, Facebook — far from humbled — started nudging more pro-Facebook content onto users’ walls. That’s power.
More important, it’s unchecked power. The notion of checks and balances is built into the fabric of our society – of any free society. But right now, Big Tech is judge and jury in so many critical situations. When you search Twitter for news on Ukraine, or search for a vacuum cleaner on Amazon, or Google prostrate cancer, who knows why you see what you see? If your Facebook post is pulled down for a “violation,” do you really expect you’ll get a decent explanation?
These are fundamental, existential questions in a democracy. They might have seemed academic, even a week or so ago, but our time makes it clear: Big Tech is wielding almost limitless power on our lives. Unaccountable for these decisions. That’s unhealthy. It has to change.
That is the idea behind “platform accountability.” What can be done to create a force equal to Big Tech firms, so these companies and their leaders must answer to some kind of higher power. Yes, we’ve seen hearings in Congress. To date, they’ve been little more than reality TV shows. To be really accountable, Big Tech has to run into Big Limits.
I’ve been a visiting scholar at Duke University for a couple of years, looking into these issues. As part of that work, I am helping set up a platform accountability project at the Sanford School of Public Policy. Students and faculty there are engaged in long-term research projects examining structures that might prop up some Big Limits around Big Tech. My first contribution to this effort is a documentary podcast I’ve been working on for many months called “Protecting Democracy (and us) from Big Tech.” Episode 1 dropped this week: It’s called Too Big to Sue. I hope you’ve give it a try. I feel really passionately about the need for people to pick their heads up and realize all the ways, large and subtle, that technology companies are changing our lives, changing the way we relate to each other. Maybe it’s more good than bad. Maybe it’s mostly good. But a handful of super-rich executives hiding behind keyboards and rocket ships shouldn’t be making those decisions for us. We need to be involved. We need to have real power.
Improving an organization’s security posture can be a daunting task. Conducted by Ponemon Institute and sponsored by ReliaQuest, the research reveals that security leaders are committed to being risk-oriented and strategic but lack the fundamentals needed to achieve this objective.
More than 1,000 security leaders were surveyed in the United States (632) and United Kingdom (391) who are familiar with the organizations’ security operations and strategy. Participants in this research are knowledgeable about their organizations’ efforts in attaining a risk-oriented security posture. Most respondents are involved in implementing solutions (61 percent) followed by evaluating solutions (48 percent). This report presents the consolidated US and UK research findings.
Senior leadership and the board of directors are ill-informed about security risks facing their organization. Only 37 percent of respondents say they are tracking the right security metrics to be able to communicate risks easily and accurately to the business executives and board. As a result, only 31 percent of respondents say senior leadership and the board are tracking cybersecurity risk as a business risk.
Respondents are committed to a stronger risk-based security posture. Priorities for respondents are the ability to migrate applications to the cloud securely, implement an integration strategy to drive holistic visibility across security tools and develop metrics to align security and lines of business with the organizations’ business goals.
The following findings reveal why organizations are at risk and indicate the opportunities for improvement.
Risk management programs are not properly assessed and measured. Fifty-eight percent of respondents say their organizations lack a risk management strategy and decision-making structure in their organizations. As a result, another 58 percent of respondents say the number one reason they are vulnerable to a data breach is because their organizations lack a well-defined security and risk management program. Only 29 percent of respondents say the risk management program is assessed by lines of business and aggregated and reported across the entire organization.
There is a lack of visibility throughout the enterprise. Fifty-eight percent of respondents say it is difficult to protect business-critical assets because of the lack of visibility and blind spots in coverage. Sixty percent of respondents say their organizations lack integrated visibility into cloud and on-premises solutions. This is considered a significant obstacle to having effective threat detection and investigation practices.
Security teams find it difficult to achieve efficiencies in the detection, investigation and response to security incidents because of the numerous tools and technologies used. According to the research, there are too few people who are responsible for too many tools and technologies used for threat detection. According to the research, 46 percent of respondents say one staff member could be responsible for between 4 and 10 tools. Eleven percent say one staff member could be responsible for more than 10 tools. As a result, it can take an average of 18 hours, or more than two days, to detect, investigate and respond to a security incident.
Metrics used are not able to reveal the risk and support a risk-based management program. Sixty-four percent of respondents say there is a lack of standardized metrics to measure progress in the risk management program. Only 36 percent of respondents say their organizations have visibility across the IT environment, including on-premises and cloud are measured.
Confidence in the security of the cloud is low. Less than one-third of respondents say they are confident in knowing all cloud computing applications, platforms or infrastructure services in use today. Sixty-two percent of respondents say coverage gaps and lack of visibility make it very difficult and complex to secure data and applications in a multi-cloud and hybrid environment.
Fifty-one percent of respondents say misconfigurations in cloud implementations make organizations vulnerable to a data breach. Only 19 percent of respondents say their organizations measure the lack of integration due to disparity of cloud environments.
Hate pop-ups that interrupt your web browsing — and probably come with consequences you don’t fully understand? Well, there’s hope.
When Europe passed its ambitious law designed to protect consumer privacy, known as GDPR, many Internet users noticed only one impact — annoying pop-ups jammed with mini-privacy policies. To any level-headed person, the small windows were an annoyance clearly designed to get in your way – and get a check in a box so companies could continue tracking your online travels. Consent spam, they have come to be called. Most users clicked click “agree” to get on with their day, effectively granting thousands of companies the ability to trade in intimate details of their digital lives.
A ruling by European regulators this week holds out the promise that consent spam and GDPR pop-ups will soon be gone. And so too could be gigantic databases of user information collected using this method, including giants like Microsoft and Google.
When GDPR – Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation — took effect, advertisers had to come up with a way to get user consent for data collection. The industry came up with something called the “Transparency & Consent Framework (TCF),” managed by the online advertising industry’s trade body, known as IAB Europe. In order to prevent a massive disruption in the background magic which matches ad buyers to users several billions of times per day — a system known as real-time bidding — IAB Europe invented the system we now know as consent spam.
The pop-ups were a source of user frustration, but more critically, much sarcasm. U.S. critics have been fond of saying GDPR made life even worse for Netizens, adding annoyance while hardly protecting their privacy.
That’s why this week’s ruling is significant to policy-makers and users alike.
Johnny Ryan, a fellow at the Irish Council for Civil Liberties and a principal complainant in the case, wrote on Twitter that the “popups were not a symptom of the law, but of the tracking industry attempt to undermine the law.” EU regulators now agree with him.
Belgian’s Data Protection Authority ruled this week that the pop-ups violated the spirit and the letter of the GDPR — Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation. The authority found: The consent spam fails to provide real transparency about what happens to user data; fails to ensure the data is kept secure and confidential; and fails to properly request consent.
In a statement, the ICCL said that the popups support “a system posing great risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subjects, in particular in view of the large scale of personal data involved, the profiling activities, the prediction of behavior, and the ensuing surveillance of data subjects.”
IAB Europe was fined and ordered to come up with a plan to fix its system within two months. Perhaps more important: data collected through the system must now be deleted.
When I interviewed Ryan for a podcast recently, he called real-time bidding the largest data breach of all time. The legal finding could be very expensive for Big Tech: The ICCL says that it means “All data collected through the TCF must now be deleted by the more than 1,000 companies that pay IAB Europe to use the TCF. This includes Google’s, Amazon’s and Microsoft’s online advertising businesses.”
“This has been a long battle”, Ryan said. “Today’s decision frees hundreds of millions of Europeans from consent spam, and the deeper hazard that their most intimate online activities will be passed around by thousands of companies”.
Indeed, privacy rulings take a long time. The consent framework was originally found to be in violation of the GDPR back in October 2020.
IAB Europe has 30 days to appeal this latest ruling, which was supported by 27 other European privacy commissioners.
“We believe this finding is wrong in law and will have major unintended negative consequences going well beyond the digital advertising industry,” the IAB said. “We are considering all options with respect to a legal challenge.”
Just when might consumers start seeing fewer popups in their clickstreams? Or when might they learn their personal information, collected improperly, has been deleted? That remains to be seen. Chris Olson, CEO and founder of The Media Trust, wasn’t terribly optimistic that change would come quickly. For starters, he’s worried the role of pop-ups might even expand as publishers try to lawyer their way into compliance with this ruling. Also, much of the data that has been declared illegally collected has already been onpassed over and over, making it impractical to delete from the larger data collection ecosystem.
Here’s what he told me:
“With the Belgian Court’s judgment against the IAB TCF, what was once a matter of debate is now beyond dispute: the concept of CMPs does not meet the standards or spirit demanded by emerging data privacy legislation. In the long run, however, this ruling may prove to be a pyrrhic victory. First of all, users will not see consent pop-ups disappearing any time soon. The IAB has six months to revise its framework, and when it is finished, pop-ups may become even more unwieldy in the struggle to provide users with ‘sufficiently specific’ information.
“Second – while we expect big players to minimally comply with the TCF’s data deletion orders – in many cases it will be impossible to distinguish data that was gathered illegally from data that was obtained by legitimate means, and not always by accident. In all likelihood, much of the data collected under the TCF before this week will remain on the books, integrated into customer profiles, CRM and marking tools, etc. More concerning, advertisers and publishers won’t be able to control any data gathered by digital third parties without their permission.
“Today, the biggest risk to users’ data privacy does not come from advertisers who are struggling – however unsuccessfully – to comply with GDPR: it comes from unregulated vendors who neither seek consent, nor respect it. Until now, third parties have been an afterthought in most data privacy legislation, if they are even mentioned at all. Going forward, they must become a key part of the push to assure consumers of digital safety and trust.”
Click to register for Larry’s webinar about supply chain security on Wednesday, Feb. 9, 2022 at 2 p.m. ET.
The Kaseya supply chain compromise has demonstrated the threats to supply chains that ransomware groups pose. The supply chain compromise of SolarWinds Orion network management due to the SUNBURST malware has also underscored how vulnerable supply chains are to attacks. According to participants in this research, these compromises and the increase in supply chain and IoT attacks require organizations to rethink supply chain and product security processes.
Sponsored by Finite State, Ponemon Institute surveyed 632 IT and IT security practitioners in the U.S. who are familiar with their organizations’ approach to securing embedded and connected devices and have complete or partial responsibility for setting and/or implementing their supply chain security strategies. The research targets device and connected device manufacturers in highly regulated industries.
Larry Ponemon will present findings from the study at a webinar on Wednesday, February 9, 2022, at 2 p.m. ET. Also presenting: Rich Nass,Executive Vice-President, Brand Director, Embedded Franchise, OpenSystems Media. Register for the webinar at this link
Seventy-three percent of respondents say their organizations are very committed (40 percent) or committed (33 percent) to achieving a secure supply chain. Twenty-seven percent of respondents say their organizations are only somewhat committed.
While respondents are aware and very concerned about the threats to their organizations’ supply chain based on recent compromises, only 39 percent of respondents say there is a direct risk assessment of the security of the supplied hardware and/or software, such as penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, requests for Software Bills of Materials and requests for security reports. Further, only 43 percent of respondents say their organizations conduct a risk assessment of the security development lifecycle for third-party vendors.
The following findings reveal why organizations are not making supply chain security as important as it should be.
Product security is not a priority. Only 41 percent of respondents say their organizations make it a priority despite the finding that 76 percent of respondents say the security of an IoT device is very important
Executives and boards of directors are not involved as they should be in their organizations’ product security practices. Only 27 percent of respondents say the leadership requires assurances that product security is being assessed, managed and monitored appropriately.
Product security processes and programs are not reviewed frequently. Only 24 percent of respondents say such a review occurs frequently to address evolving supply chain risks.
Lack of resources and in-house expertise are obstacles to achieving a strong security posture. When asked what is preventing the development of secure IoT/embedded products, 62 percent of respondents say it is a lack of resources and 60 percent of respondents say it is a lack of in-house expertise.
Organizations need more resources to improve product security. Fifty percent of respondents say their organizations are not increasing investments for product security. As mentioned above, the number one obstacle to improved product security is the lack of resources.
Organizations find it difficult to manage supply chain risks. Sixty percent of respondents say their organizations find it difficult to rapidly respond to new vulnerability disclosures that may affect their devices.
I’ve been thinking a lot about distraction lately. We are all living lives of grand distractions these days, with one eye over our shoulder keeping track of Covid and its consequences. The constant drumbeat of cases and science and conspiracy and bickering never ends. If you are lucky enough that so far Covid has been just a distraction — and not something worse for you or your family — perhaps you managed to keep it together through nearly two years of remote everything. But right now, as our gas tank for pandemic tolerance is nearing empty, Omicron has arisen, seemingly to finish us off. Sure, try to focus on that big work project, or the book you are reading, or on getting healthy, or getting your finances in order, or even the conversation you are having with a loved one, with everything else going on.
This is not a new problem.
I’ve been interested in distraction for a long time — since at least the 1990s, when a computer science researcher at Xerox Parc named Mark Weiser turned me onto the issue. I do believe it is the crisis of our time. Attention is our most precious commodity and it is under relentless attack right now. I tried to write a book about the problem about 10 years ago, but I couldn’t get publishers to focus on it. (Really!) I did write an op-ed for The New York Times called “Brain, Interrupted,” which is still among the most popular piece I’ve written.
The digital age is the age of interruptions. Gadgets surround us, constantly beeping and blinking and popping up to get in our way, bringing whatever we might be doing to a screeching halt. Billions of dollars in research have been spent hacking your brain, and mine, to learn justhow to steal your attention — and ultimately sell it to someone for a price. Think about it: if we live in the attention economy, then grabbing someone’s focus without their consent is theft. The phrase is “pay attention,” after all. A new book called Stolen Focus: Why You Can’t Pay Attention by Johann Hari makes this argument, too, and cites some of my earlier research.
The cost is very real. About 10 years ago, when writing our book The Plateau Effect, I helped plan a distraction study at Carnegie Mellon University. You can read the details in my op-ed, but basically, students who received text messages during tests performed about 20% worse. Other studies show that people who are interrupted for even just a few moments at work can languish for 20 or 30 minutes before regaining focus on whatever it was they were doing.
Constant task-switching robs our brains and hearts of the satisfying feeling that “stick-to-it-ive-ness” brings, the dopamine hit we get for setting a goal and completing a task. It robs us of intimacy, too. Try talking to someone who glances at their smartphone every 15 seconds, and you understand how every dancer in history has felt when they catch their partner looking around the club for someone more attractive.
Today I want to mention another cost of distraction, however. Crime.
If you grew up anywhere near New York City in the 1970s and 80s, you know who Crazy Eddie is (His prices are INNNNNSAAAAAANE!). The ubiquitous electronics store with the never-ending TV ads succeeded for one reason: Crazy Eddie was a cheater. He eventually was convicted of tax fraud and went to jail. His brother, Sam Antar, former company chief financial officer and also convicted of fraud, later became a forensic accountant. He also gives a mighty fine speech about how white-collar criminals commit crimes. They create diversions. “The distraction is more important than the lie,” he says over and over. He’s right.
You’ve seen it on TV, if you haven’t seen it yourself in person — pickpockets often bump into their victims to cause a distraction, then use that moment to steal a wallet or purse. That’s the simple version. Antar, speaking on the Bloomberg Odd Lots podcast a couple of years ago, explains how such distractions can work at scale. I won’t steal his material, it’s well worth the 10-minute watch on YouTube. But Eddie’s real talent wasn’t lying about sales taxes. It was distracting the auditors when they came every year.
Distractions have been a key tool for ripoff artists throughout history. Car dealers sneak fees into loans while chatting about cupholders. Real estate agents gloss over the cost of flood insurance while they describe how great the big garage will be for loading and unloading the kids’ car seats. Websites nudge you into trial subscriptions with a single click, then require a 30-minute call to cancel. (The FTC is finally taking on that one!) It’s up to consumers to refocus, constantly, on the bottom line, and on what matters. That’s a fair fight, I guess, or at least it can be. It’s a fight made much harder by endless fine print, dark patterns on websites, automated payments, and other gadget-driven intrusions.
But now, digital distractions are only half the problem. Covid has made so much of our lives a daily battle. Did I forget my mask? Are we out of toilet paper? Should I book that vacation? That dental appointment? Why is that person ignoring the guidelines / taking the guidelines too seriously?
We are all living lives of constant distraction. And that makes us all vulnerable. Charlatans smell this kind of distraction and go in for the kill. Early in the pandemic, we saw criminals steal billions of dollars from unemployment benefits programs. TV characters and politicians are using this moment to incite hatred and distrust, to consolidate power, and most of all, to make money. Whatever TV channel you watch, I challenge you to spend an hour or two paying more attention to the advertisements than the “content” and ask yourself how you feel supporting those products.
I wish I had a silver bullet or even some good-enough words of advice for this dark time. All I know is this: attention is indeed the most valuable commodity in the world. That’s what I learned from Mark Weiser at Xerox Parc when I wrote about it decades ago. Attention is like time; we just can’t make any more of it. We have what we have, and we decide how to use it. At this time of crippling distractions, try to take things a little more slowly. Find some extra time to make big financial decisions if you can. Be gentle with yourself and with others as they try to find their focus. And from my perch as a consumer reporter, beware people and things that interrupt you from doing what’s really important.
Ponemon Institute is pleased to have conducted the research behind the recent report Architecting the Next Generation for OT Security, sponsored by Applied Risk. I’ve included the executive summary of the report in this month’s column. The full report can be downloaded from the Applied Risk website.
